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    <h1 class="entry-title">configure,make,make install的作用</h1>  </header>
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        <p>这些都是典型的使用GNU的AUTOCONF和AUTOMAKE产生的程序的安装步骤</p>
<h2>1. 一、基本信息</h2>
<p>1、./configure 是用来检测你的安装平台的目标特征的。比如它会检测你是不是有CC或GCC，并不是需要CC或GCC，它是个shell脚本。<br>
2、make 是用来编译的，它从Makefile中读取指令，然后编译。<br>
3、make install是用来安装的，它也从Makefile中读取指令，安装到指定的位置。</p>
<p><strong>注意：AUTOMAKE和AUTOCONF是非常有用的用来发布C程序的东西。</strong></p>
<h2>2. 二、详细解释</h2>
<h3>2.1. 1、configure命令</h3>
<p>　　这一步一般用来生成 Makefile，为下一步的编译做准备，你可以通过在 configure 后加上参数来对安装进行控制，比如代码:./configure –prefix=/usr 意思是将该软件安装在 /usr 下面，执行文件就会安装在 /usr/bin （而不是默认的 /usr/local/bin),资源文件就会安装在 /usr/share（而不是默认的/usr/local/share）。同时一些软件的配置文件你可以通过指定 –sys-config= 参数进行设定。有一些软件还可以加上 –with、–enable、–without、–disable 等等参数对编译加以控制，你可以通过允许 ./configure –help 察看详细的说明帮助。</p>
<h3>2.2. 2、make</h3>
<p>　　这一步就是编译，大多数的源代码包都经过这一步进行编译（当然有些perl或python编写的软件需要调用perl或python来进行编译）。如果 在 make 过程中出现 error ，你就要记下错误代码（注意不仅仅是最后一行），然后你可以向开发者提交 bugreport（一般在 INSTALL 里有提交地址），或者你的系统少了一些依赖库等，这些需要自己仔细研究错误代码。</p>
<p>　　可能遇到的错误：make *** 没有指明目标并且找不到 makefile。 停止。问题很明了，没有Makefile，怎么办，原来是要先./configure 一下，再make。</p>
<h3>2.3. 3、make insatll</h3>
<p>　　这条命令来进行安装（当然有些软件需要先运行 make check 或 make test 来进行一些测试），这一步一般需要你有 root 权限（因为要向系统写入文件）。</p>
<h3>2.4. make例子</h3>
<p>在Linux下安装一个应用程序时，一般先运行脚本<code>configure</code>，然后用make来编译源程序，在运行<code>make install</code>，最后运行<code>make clean</code>（删除源代码（C\C++ code）生成的执行文件和所有的中间目标文件）删除一些临时文件。这些都是典型的使用GNU的AUTOCONF和AUTOMAKE产生的程序的安装步骤。</p>
<p>绝大数开源软件都是公布源代码的，源代码一般被打包为tar.gz归档压缩文件，然后手工编译为二进制可执行文件</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell line-numbers">./configure　　检查编译环境／相关库文件／配置参数，生成makefile

make　　　　  对源代码进行编译，生成可执行文件

make install    将生成的可执行文件安装到当前计算机中
</code></pre>
<p>特点：兼容性好／可控制性好／开源软件会大量使用其他开源软件的功能，要解决大量的依赖关系</p>
<h2>3. 三、扩展说明</h2>
<p>　　Linux的用户可能知道，在Linux下安装一个应用程序时，一般先运行脚本configure，然后用make来编译源程序，在运行make install，最后运行make clean删除一些临时文件。使用上述三个自动工具，就可以生成configure脚本。运行configure脚本，就可以生成Makefile文件，然后就可以运行make、make install和make clean。<br>
　　configure是一个shell脚本，它可以自动设定源程序以符合各种不同平台上Unix系统的特性，并且根据系统叁数及环境产生合适的Makefile文件或是C的头文件(header file)，让源程序可以很方便地在这些不同的平台上被编译连接。<br>
　　这时，就可运行<code>configure</code>脚本了，运行configure脚本，就可产生出符合GNU规范的Makefile文件了：<code>$ ./configure</code><br>
到此时，就可以运行make进行编译，在运行<code>make install</code>进行安装了，最后运行make clean删除临时文件。</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell line-numbers">$ make
$ make install           (注：运行这个要有足够的权限)
$ make clean

</code></pre>
<p>利用<code>configure</code>所产生的<code>Makefile</code>文件有几个预设的目标可供使用，其中几个重要的简述如下：</p>
<p>　　<code>make all</code>：产生我们设定的目标，即此范例中的可执行文件。只打make也可以，此时会开始编译原始码，然后连结，并且产生可执行文件。<br>
　　<code>make clean</code>：清除编译产生的可执行文件及目标文件(object file，*.o)。<br>
　　<code>make distclean</code>：除了清除可执行文件和目标文件外，把configure所产生的Makefile也清除掉。<br>
　　<code>make install</code>：将程序安装至系统中。如果原始码编译无误，且执行结果正确，便可以把程序安装至系统预设的可执行文件存放路径。如果用bin_PROGRAMS宏的话，程序会被安装至/usr/local/bin这个目录。<br>
　　<code>make dist</code>：将程序和相关的档案包装成一个压缩文件以供发布。执行完在目录下会产生一个以PACKAGE-VERSION.tar.gz为名称的文件。 PACKAGE和VERSION这两个变数是根据<code>configure.in</code>文件中AM&#95;INIT&#95;AUTOMAKE(PACKAGE，VERSION)的定义。在此范例中会产生<code>test-1.0.tar.gz</code>的档案。<br>
　　<code>make distcheck</code>：和<code>make dist</code>类似，但是加入检查包装后的压缩文件是否正常。这个目标除了把程序和相关文件包装成tar.gz文件外，还会自动把这个压缩文件解开，执行 configure，并且进行make all 的动作，确认编译无误后，会显示这个tar.gz文件可供发布了。这个检查非常有用，检查过关的包，基本上可以给任何一个具备GNU开发环境-的人去重新编译。</p>
<h3>3.1. make -j4是什么意思？</h3>
<p><strong>make(1)只衍生一个作业？作业是什么意思？make(1) 是不是就是make的意思?<br>
在双处理器上make -j4，难道是让每个处理器跑两个作业？那和make -j2效率相比 难道不是一样的？</strong></p>
<p>简单解答如下：<br>
1/make(1)表示在unix手册(man)的第一章，可以用 man 1 make 来查看。<br>
2/两个处理器的话，一般 -j2 能达到最高效率。<br>
3/不过也有些进程会花时间在IO上，并不能利用完单个cpu的时间。这样 -j4 可以更快。<br>
4/jobs=4,同时最多跑4个作业,make自己会协调，如果CPU等资源不够可能小于4个。不过一般瓶颈都在硬盘，所以一般能看到4个进程一起跑。</p>
<p>make(gmake,gnumake)的-j参数，优化多核、多线程的编译过程，一直以为，现在主流的程序，比如apache2.2，编译过程自动会对多核优化 结果发现不是这样的。</p>
<p>测试环境：默认./configure无参数后的apache2.2.14源码根目录<br>
测试方法：使用以下命令，粗略记录编译过程时间。 $ date >> /qshen/time &amp;&amp; make &amp;&amp; date >> /qshen/time<br>
对比与加了-j参数的make的编译时间，查阅资料，网上很多人用<code>双路INTEL XEON E5404</code>测试时使用参数<code>-j16</code>，使用<code>单路E5405</code>测试使用参数<code>-j8</code>。这个不太理解。<br>
因为E5405是四核心，每核心1线程，不知为何要使用二倍的jobs。<br>
在此也实际测试，我的测试环境CPU是<code>INTEL XEON E5405</code>，单路。8G内存。<br>
首先，不带-j的命令执行2次，然后，使用-j4执行二次，再然后，使用-j8执行二次，最后使用-j16执行一次，作为参考数据<br>
结果：共计执行</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell line-numbers">$ cat /qshen/time Mon Feb 1 12:51:17 CST 2010 Mon Feb 1 12:52:55 CST 2010
Mon Feb 1 12:53:29 CST 2010 Mon Feb 1 12:55:07 CST 2010
Mon Feb 1 12:55:34 CST 2010 Mon Feb 1 12:56:14 CST 2010
Mon Feb 1 12:56:37 CST 2010 Mon Feb 1 12:57:16 CST 2010
Mon Feb 1 12:57:38 CST 2010 Mon Feb 1 12:58:16 CST 2010
Mon Feb 1 12:58:36 CST 2010 Mon Feb 1 12:59:13 CST 2010
Mon Feb 1 12:59:48 CST 2010 Mon Feb 1 13:00:26 CST 2010
</code></pre>
<p>结果发现，确实默认的make不加-j参数效率比较低。加上-j参数，-j4和-j8性能差距不大，-j16性能就比较差了。<br>
准备进一步翻阅资料看看到底应该取值多少。</p>
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